Multi-layer golf ball

ABSTRACT

A multi-layer golf ball includes a core, and intermediate layer, and a cover. The core has an outer surface that includes a plurality of protrusions extending from a spherical land portion. Each protrusion has a maximum height relative to the spherical land portion of between 0.15 mm and 2.0 mm. The intermediate layer surrounds the core and has a radially outward surface that is flush with the outer surface of the core. The cover layer surrounds the intermediate layer and defines an outermost portion of ball.

TECHNICAL FIELD

The present invention relates generally to a multi-layer golf ball.

BACKGROUND

The game of golf is an increasingly popular sport at both the amateur and professional levels. To account for the wide variety of play styles and abilities, it is desirable to produce golf balls having different play characteristics.

Attempts have been made to balance a soft “feel” with good resilience in a multi-layer golf ball by giving the ball a hardness distribution across its respective layers (core, intermediate layer or layers, and cover) in such a way as to retain both properties. A harder golf ball will generally achieve greater distances, but less spin, and so will be better for drives but more difficult to control on shorter shots. On the other hand, a softer ball will generally experience more spin, thus being easier to control, but will lack distance. Additionally, certain design characteristics may affect the “feel” of the ball when hit, as well as the durability of the ball.

SUMMARY

A multi-layer golf ball includes a core, and intermediate layer, and a cover. The core has an outer surface that includes a plurality of protrusions extending from a spherical land portion. Each protrusion has a maximum height relative to the spherical land portion of between 0.15 mm and 2.0 mm. The intermediate layer surrounds the core and has a radially outward surface that is flush with the outer surface of the core. The cover layer surrounds the intermediate layer and defines an outermost portion of ball.

In one configuration, the plurality of protrusions may include between 50 and 80 protrusions that are symmetrically disposed about the surface. Each protrusion has a maximum height relative to the spherical land portion of between 0.15 mm and 2.0 mm. In more specific configurations, each protrusion may have a height of between 0.15 mm and 1.0 mm, or between 0.15 mm and 0.6 mm. Each protrusion may have a maximum height that is substantially the same. Additionally, each protrusion may have a circular outer profile where the respective protrusion meets the spherical land portion. The circular outer profile may have a diameter of greater than 5 mm. In one configuration, one or more protrusions may have a central portion that is substantially flat, or which may lie on a sphere that is concentric with the spherical land portion.

The core may have a geometric center and a center of mass that are coincident. The spherical land portion may have a diameter of between 24 mm and 32 mm. Additionally the intermediate layer may have a minimum radial thickness of between 4.0 mm and 9.0 mm.

In one example, the core may be formed from an ionomeric material that has a flexural modulus of up to about 10,000 psi. The intermediate layer may be formed from a rubber material including: polybutadiene; an unsaturated carboxylic acid or a metal salt thereof; and an organic peroxide. The cover layer may be formed from a thermoplastic material having a hardness measured on the Shore-D scale of up to about 72. The thermoplastic material may be a thermoplastic polyurethane having a flexural modulus of up to about 1000 psi.

In one configuration, the intermediate layer is a first intermediate layer; and the ball may further include a second intermediate layer disposed between the first intermediate layer and the cover layer. The second intermediate layer may have a hardness measured on the Shore-D scale of greater than 63 and greater than a hardness of the cover layer. Additionally, the second intermediate layer and the cover layer may have a total radial thickness of less than 2.5 mm.

The above features and advantages and other features and advantages of the present invention are readily apparent from the following detailed description of the best modes for carrying out the invention when taken in connection with the accompanying drawings.

“A,” “an,” “the,” “at least one,” and “one or more” are used interchangeably to indicate that at least one of the item is present; a plurality of such items may be present unless the context clearly indicates otherwise. All numerical values of parameters (e.g., of quantities or conditions) in this specification, including the appended claims, are to be understood as being modified in all instances by the term “about” whether or not “about” actually appears before the numerical value. “About” indicates that the stated numerical value allows some slight imprecision (with some approach to exactness in the value; about or reasonably close to the value; nearly). If the imprecision provided by “about” is not otherwise understood in the art with this ordinary meaning, then “about” as used herein indicates at least variations that may arise from ordinary methods of measuring and using such parameters. In addition, disclosure of ranges includes disclosure of all values and further divided ranges within the entire range. Each value within a range and the endpoints of a range are hereby all disclosed as separate embodiment. In this description of the invention, for convenience, “polymer” and “resin” are used interchangeably to encompass resins, oligomers, and polymers. The terms “comprises,” “comprising,” “including,” and “having,” are inclusive and therefore specify the presence of stated items, but do not preclude the presence of other items. As used in this specification, the term “or” includes any and all combinations of one or more of the listed items. When the terms first, second, third, etc. are used to differentiate various items from each other, these designations are merely for convenience and do not limit the items.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIG. 1 is a partially exploded, schematic partial cross-sectional view of a multi-layer golf ball.

FIG. 2 is a side view of an embodiment of a core of a golf ball.

FIG. 3 is a schematic cross-sectional view of a first configuration of a protrusion.

FIG. 4 is a schematic cross-sectional view of a second configuration of a protrusion.

FIG. 5 is a schematic cross-sectional view of a third configuration of a protrusion.

FIG. 6 is a schematic cross-sectional view of a fourth configuration of a protrusion.

FIG. 7 is a schematic cross-sectional view of a fifth configuration of a protrusion.

FIG. 8 is a schematic cross-sectional view of a sixth configuration of a protrusion.

FIG. 9 is a schematic cross-sectional view of a multi-layer golf ball.

FIG. 10A is a schematic cross-sectional view of a pair of injection molding dies for forming a core of a golf ball.

FIG. 10B is a schematic cross-sectional view of a pair of injection molding dies having a thermoplastic core of a golf ball formed therein.

FIG. 11A is a schematic cross-sectional view of piece of rubber stock.

FIG. 11B is a schematic cross-sectional view of an intermediate layer cold-formed blank.

FIG. 11C is a schematic cross-sectional view of a pair of compression molding dies being used to form a pair of cold-formed blanks about a metallic spherical core.

FIG. 11D is a schematic cross-sectional view of a pair of compression molding dies being used to compression mold an intermediate layer of a golf ball about a polymeric core.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION Golf Ball Design

Referring to the drawings, wherein like reference numerals are used to identify like or identical components in the various views, FIG. 1 schematically illustrates a schematic, exploded, partial cross-sectional view of a golf ball 10. As shown, the golf ball 10 may have a multi-layer construction that includes a core 12 surrounded by one or more intermediate layers 14, 16, and a cover 18 (i.e., where the cover 18 surrounds the one or more intermediate layers 14, 16). While FIG. 1 generally illustrates a ball 10 with a four-piece construction, the presently described structure and techniques may be equally applicable to three-piece balls, as well as five or more piece balls. In general, the cover 18 may define an outermost portion 20 of the ball 10, and may include any desired number of dimples 22, including, for example, between 280 and 432 total dimples, and in some examples, between 300 and 392 total dimples, and typically between 298 to 360 total dimples. As known in the art, the inclusion of dimples generally decreases the aerodynamic drag of the ball, which may provide for greater flight distances when the ball is properly struck.

In a completely assembled ball 10, each layer (including the core 12, cover 18, and one or more intermediate layers 14, 16) may be substantially concentric with every other layer such that every layer shares a common geometric center. Additionally, the mass distribution of each layer may be uniform such that the center of mass for each layer, and the ball as a whole, is coincident with the geometric center.

As generally shown in FIG. 1, and again in FIG. 2, the core 12 may have an outer surface 30 that has a varying radial dimension. For example, in one configuration as shown, the outer surface 30 may include a plurality of protrusions 32 that each extend radially outward from a spherical land portion 34. Each protrusion 32 may generally extend from the surface of the spherical land portion 34, though may have local portions that may be flat or even concave relative to the core 12.

FIGS. 3-8 generally illustrate six schematic cross-sectional profiles of various protrusion types. Each protrusion may generally be characterized by a width 36, measured at the spherical land portion 34, and a maximum height 38, measured from the spherical land portion 34 (or a spherical datum aligned with the spherical land portion) to the most radially outward point of the protrusion 32 along a radial direction relative to the core 12. In one configuration, the maximum height 38 may be in the range of 0.15 mm to 2.0 mm. In other embodiments, the maximum height 38 may be in the range of 0.15 mm to 1.0 mm, or even 0.15 mm to 0.6 mm. In one configuration, each of the plurality of protrusions 32 may be identical to every other protrusion 32 and/or each protrusion 32 may each extend from the spherical land portion 34 by some common maximum height 38. In yet another configuration, the plurality of protrusions may include two or more, three or more, or four or more different types/sizes of protrusions across the core 12.

As generally illustrated in FIG. 3, in a first configuration 40, a protrusion 32 may include linearly sloping sidewalls 42 that meet at a central point 44. In one configuration, the sidewalls 42 may be disposed at an oblique angle relative to the radial axis and/or to the spherical land portion 34. For example, the linearly sloping sidewalls 42 may be disposed at an angle 43 between about 40° and about 80° or between about 55° and about 65° away from a radial axis. In a second configuration 46 (FIG. 4), similar linearly sloping sidewalls 42 may meet at a substantially planar central portion 48.

In a third configuration 50 (FIG. 5), the entire cross-section of the protrusion 32 may have a continuous (potentially varying) curvature 52. In one configuration, the radius of curvature at a central point on the protrusion 32 may be in the range of 1.0 mm to about 8.0 mm. In a fourth configuration 54 (FIG. 6), each sidewall 56 may include a radius 58 that may transition from the sidewall 56 to a central portion 60. The radius 58 may be, for example, between about 0.25 mm and about 2.0 mm or between about 0.4 mm and about 0.8 mm. In a fifth configuration 62 (FIG. 7), each sidewall 64 may include two radiuses 66, 68 that may respectively transition from the spherical land portion 34 to the sidewall 64, and from the sidewall 64 to a central portion 60. In one configuration, each radius 66, 68 may be, for example, between about 0.25 mm and about 2.0 mm or between about 0.4 mm and about 0.8 mm.

Finally, in a sixth configuration 70 (FIG. 8), linearly sloping sidewalls 42 may meet at a central portion 72 that has a curvature. As generally shown in FIG. 8, the central portion 72 may substantially lie on the surface of a sphere 74 that is concentric with the spherical land portion 34. It should be appreciated that these six protrusion configurations are provided for illustrative purposes. In addition to those explicitly provided in the figures, combinations of one or more of the configurations may also be used.

Referring again to FIG. 2, in one configuration, the outer surface 30 may have between 40 and 120 protrusions 32 that are spaced around the surface 30. In another configuration, the outer surface 30 may have between 50 and 80 protrusions 32 that are spaced around the surface 30. In still another configuration, the outer surface 30 may have between about 100 and about 300 protrusions. The protrusions 32 may generally be arranged about the core 12 in a symmetric manner to maintain balance. For example, in one configuration, the arrangement of the protrusions 32 may establish at least two orthogonal planes of symmetry 80, 82. In a more specific embodiment, the protrusions 32 may further establish a third plane of symmetry 84 that is orthogonal to each of the first two planes 80, 82, and where all three planes intersect at the geometric center of the core 12.

Each protrusion 32 may have a perimeter or outer profile 86 that is formed where the protrusion 32 intersects with the spherical land portion 34. The outer profile 86 for each protrusion 32 may be generally circular, and in one configuration, may have a diameter of at least 5 mm. In other configurations, the outer profile 86 for each protrusion 32 may be generally of a regular geometric shape, for example generally a triangle, a quadrilateral, a pentagon, a hexagon, or an octagon, or it may have a symmetric complex shape (e.g., a plurality of lobes or other such contours).

FIG. 9 generally illustrates a cross-sectional view 90 of a multi-layer golf ball 10. As shown, an intermediate layer 14 surrounds a core 12, and includes a radially inward-facing surface 92 that is bonded to the outer surface 30 of the core 12 across the entire outer surface 30. In this manner, the intermediate layer 14 completely surrounds the core 12 without leaving any voids between the intermediate layer 14 and the core 12. The bonding may occur either through direct material contact between the materials (i.e., physical bonding) or through one or more thin adhesive or adhesion-promoting layers (i.e., chemical bonding) that may be disposed between the core 12 and the intermediate layer 14. In one configuration, a thin, adhesion layer may be formed from a polymeric material disposed about the core 12, which may have a maximum radial thickness of less than about 1.0 mm.

As further illustrated in FIG. 9, the core may generally have a diameter 94 (measured via the spherical land portion 34) of between about 24 mm and about 32 mm. Additionally, the intermediate layer 14 may have a minimum radial thickness 96 of between about 4.0 mm and 9.0 mm. Finally, the cover layer 18 may have a minimum thickness 98 (i.e., thickness at its narrowest portion) of between about 0.5 mm and about 2.5 mm. In some configurations, a second intermediate layer 16 may be included in the multi-layer ball 10 between the first intermediate layer 14 and the cover layer 18. In such a construction, the second intermediate layer 16 and cover layer 18 may have a combined thickness 98 at the narrowest portion of between about 0.5 mm and about 2.5 mm.

Golf Ball Manufacturing and Material Parameters

In general, the golf ball 10 may be formed through one or more injection molding or compression molding steps. For example, in one configuration, the fabrication of a multi-layer golf ball 10 may include: forming a core 12 through injection molding; compression molding one or more cold formed or pre-cured intermediate layers 14, 16 about the core 12; and forming a cover layer 18 about the intermediate layer 14 though injection molding or compression molding.

As schematically illustrated in FIGS. 10A & 10B, during the injection molding process used to form the core 12, two hemispherical dies 150, 152 may cooperate to form a mold cavity 154 that may be filled with a thermoplastic material 156 in a softened state. The hemispherical molding dies 150, 152 may meet at a parting line 158 that, in one configuration, may be aligned along a plane of symmetry 80, 82, or 84 of the core 12. In one configuration, a thermoplastic ionomer may be used to form the core 12, such as one that may have a Vicat softening temperature, measured according to ASTM D1525, of between about 50° C. and about 60° C., or alternatively between about 52° C. and about 55° C. Suitable thermoplastic ionomeric materials are commercially available, for example, from the E. I. du Pont de Nemours and Company under the tradename Surlyn®. More specific examples of suitable thermoplastic materials are described below.

Once the material 156 is cooled to ambient temperature, it may harden and be removed from the molding dies. The ease with which the solidified core 12 may be ejected from the dies may vary inversely with the degree to which the outer surface 30 is contoured. For example, as the height of the protrusions 32 increase, the mold, itself, may restrict the ejection of the core (i.e., referred to as undercut). While the inherent compliance and/or flexibility of the thermoplastic material, along with natural shrinkage of the core 12, may permit some amount of undercut, a protrusion height of greater than about 2.0 mm may restrict the ability to use a solid hemispherical mold to fabricate the core and may considerably increase manufacturing cost and complexity. Incorporating sloped sidewalls 42 with the plurality of protrusions 32 may serve to reduce the amount of undercut, and may allow for a greater maximum protrusion height.

Once the core 12 is formed and removed from the mold, any molding flash may be removed using any combination of cutting, grinding, sanding, tumbling with an abrasive media, and/or cryogenic deflashing. Following the deflashing, an adhesive or bonding agent may be applied to the outer surface 30, such as through spraying, tumbling, and/or dipping. Additionally, one or more surface treatments may also be employed at this stage, such as mechanical surface roughening, plasma treatment, corona discharge treatment, or chemical treatment to increase subsequent adhesion. Nonlimiting, suitable examples of adhesives and bonding agents that may be used include polymeric adhesives such as ethylene vinyl acetate copolymers, two-component adhesives such as epoxy resins, polyurethane resins, acrylic resins, polyester resins, and cellulose resins and crosslinkers therefor, e.g., with polyamine or polycarboxylic acid crosslinkers for polyepoxides resins, polyisocyanate crosslinkers for polyalcohol-functional resins, and so on; or siliane coupling agents or silane adhesives. The adhesive or bonding agent may be used with or without a surface treatment such as mechanical surface roughening, plasma treatment, corona discharge treatment, or chemical treatment.

Once any surface coatings/preparations are applied/performed (if any), the intermediate layer 14 may then be formed around the core 12, for example, through a compression molding process or a subsequent injection molding process. During compression molding, two cold formed and/or pre-cured hemispherical blanks may be press-fit around the core 12. Once positioned, a suitable die may apply heat and/or pressure to the exterior of the blanks to crosslink the blanks while fusing/curing them together. During the curing process, the application of heat may cause the hemispherical blanks to initially soften and/or melt prior to the start of any crosslinking. The applied pressure may then cause the molten material to form to the outer surface 30 of the core 12. The curing process may be accelerated and/or initiated when as the material temperature approaches or exceeds about 200° C. In one configuration, the intermediate layer 14 may be formed from a rubber material, which may include a main rubber (e.g., a polybutadiene), an unsaturated carboxylic acid or metal salt thereof, and an organic peroxide. Other examples of suitable rubbers and specific formulations are provided below.

FIGS. 11A-11D schematically illustrate one embodiment of a process that may be used to compression mold an intermediate layer 14 about the core 12. As shown in FIG. 11A, the intermediate layer may begin as piece of rubber stock 160 that may include one or more crosslinking agents and/or fillers that may be homogeneously or heterogeneously mixed throughout the stock 160. The stock 160 may be cold-formed into a substantially hemispherical blank 162 (shown in FIG. 11B) through one or more cutting, stamping, or pressing processes.

As schematically shown in FIG. 11C, two compression molding dies 164, 166 may form a pair of opposing blanks 168, 170 about a spherical metal core 172. At this stage, the blanks 168, 170 may be either cold-formed or partially cured through the application of heat so that they may retain a true hemispherical shape (within applicable tolerances). Finally, as shown in FIG. 11D, the spherical metal core 172 may be replaced by the contoured thermoplastic core 12, and the blanks 168, 170 may be compression molded a second time by a second pair of opposing molding dies 172, 174 (which may or may not be the same dies 164, 166 used in the prior step). During this stage, the dies 172, 174 may apply a sufficient amount of heat and pressure to cause the blanks 168, 170 to flow within the mold cavity, and both internally crosslink and fuse to each other. Once set, the intermediate ball (i.e., the joined core 12 and intermediate layer 14) may be removed from the mold.

The cover layer 18 may generally surround the one or more intermediate layers 14, 16, and may define the outermost surface of the ball 10. The cover may generally be formed from a thermoplastic material, such as a thermoplastic polyurethane that may have a flexural modulus of up to about 1000 psi. In other embodiments, the cover may be formed from a ionomer, such as commercially available from the E. I. du Pont de Nemours and Company under the tradename Surlyn®. When a thermoplastic polyurethane is used, the cover may have a hardness measured on the Shore-D hardness scale of up to about 65, measured on the ball. In other embodiments, the thermoplastic polyurethane cover may have a hardness measured on the Shore-D hardness scale of up to about 60, measured on the ball. If other ionomers are used to form the cover layer, the cover may have a hardness measured on the Shore-D hardness scale of up to about 72.

If a second intermediate layer 16 is utilized in the construction of the multi-layer ball 10, the second intermediate layer 16 may have a hardness measured on the Shore-D scale of at least about 63, and also greater than the hardness of the cover layer.

In one configuration, the thermoplastic material used for the core 12 may have a flexural modulus of up to about 10,000 psi (flexural modulus being measured according to ASTM D790), such as the Surlyn® grades 8120, 8320, 9320, available from E. I. du Pont de Nemours and Company, or such as those that may have a flexural modulus of between about 6000 psi and about 7000 psi, or even between about 6300 psi and about 6700 psi. In addition to being specified by the flexural modulus (or alternatively), the ionomeric material used for the core 12 may have a hardness measured on the Shore D scale of up to about 40, measured on the ball. In alternative embodiments, the material may have a hardness measured on the Shore D scale of between about 30 and about 40, or between about 32 and about 36. Hardness on the Shore-D hardness scale is measured according to ASTM D2240, but in this specific application, it is measured on a land area of a curved surface of the ball or sub-layer of the ball (i.e., generally referred to as “on the ball”). It is understood in this technical field of art that the hardness measured in this way often varies from the hardness of a flat slab or button of material in a non-linear way that cannot be correlated, for example because of effects of underlying layers. Because of the curved surface, care must be taken to center the golf ball or golf ball subassembly under the durometer indentor before a surface hardness reading is obtained and to measure an even area, e.g. on the dimpled surface cover measurements are taken on a land (fret) area between dimples. In addition to Shore-D hardness, the core 12 may have a hardness measured on the JIS-C scale of between 34 and 70, which may be measured on the ball using a standard JIS-C hardness meter.

“Compression deformation” refers to the deformation amount under a compressive load of 130 kg minus the deformation amount under a compressive load of 10 kg. To determine a “10-130 kg compression deformation,” the amount of deformation of the ball under a force of 10 kg is measured, then the force is increased to 130 kg and the amount of deformation under the new force of 130 kg is measured. The deformation amount at 10 kg is subtracted from the deformation amount at 130 kg to give the “10-130 kg compression deformation.”

In the present multi-layer golf ball, the core 12 may have a 10-130 kg compression deformation (C1) of between about 3.5 mm and about 5.5 mm. When the core 12 and the intermediate layer 14 are combined to form an inner ball, the inner ball may have a 10-130 kg compression deformation (C2) of at least about 2.7 mm, though less than C1. In one configuration, C2 may be from about 2.7 mm to about 3.5 mm. When the ball is tested as a whole (i.e., core, intermediate layer(s), and cover), the ball may have a 10-130 kg compression deformation (C3) of at least about 2.3 mm or between about 2.5 mm and about 3.5 mm. In one configuration, the ratio of C2/C1 may be between about 0.6 and 0.8.

In one configuration, the above-described golf ball may be designed to have a coefficient of restitution at 40 m/s of up to about 0.8 or between about 0.77 and about 0.80. Coefficient of restitution or COR in the present invention may be measured generally according to the following procedure: a golf ball is fired by an air cannon at an initial velocity of 40 m/s, and a speed monitoring device is located over a distance of 0.6 to 0.9 meters from the cannon. After striking a steel plate positioned about 1.2 meters away from the air cannon, the test object rebounds through the speed-monitoring device. The return velocity divided by the initial velocity is the COR.

As described above, in some embodiments, the above-described contoured core 12, may result in an increase in the surface area of the core 12 by about 5% to about 25% above that of a generic sphere. It has generally been found that, an increase in core surface area 152 may result in an increase in ultimate adhesion strength 154 between the core 12 and the intermediate layer 14. Such an increase in adhesion may corresponding increase the load transfer efficiency between the respective layers.

In addition to increasing ultimate adhesion strength 154 between layers, ball strike data shows that a contoured core with a maximum protrusion height of between about 0.2 mm and about 0.6 mm produces faster resultant launch speeds, at higher launch angles, with less spin, across a range of club types. These are all advantageous qualities when attempting to maximize the travel distance for a particular ball strike.

Golf Ball Materials

Each of the center and intermediate layer or layers may be made of one or more elastomeric materials and may also include one or more non-elastomeric materials. The elastomeric materials include thermoplastic elastomers and thermoset elastomers including rubbers and crosslinked block copolymer elastomers. Nonlimiting examples of suitable thermoplastic elastomers that can be used in making the golf ball center, each intermediate layer, and cover include metal cation ionomers of addition copolymers (“ionomer resins”), metallocene-catalyzed block copolymers of ethylene and α-olefins having 4 to about 8 carbon atoms, thermoplastic polyamide elastomers (polyether block polyamides), thermoplastic polyester elastomers, thermoplastic styrene block copolymer elastomers such as poly(styrene-butadiene-styrene), poly(styrene-ethylene-co-butylene-styrene), and poly(styrene-isoprene-styrene), thermoplastic polyurethane elastomers, thermoplastic polyurea elastomers, and dynamic vulcanizates of rubbers in these thermoplastic elastomers and in other thermoplastic matrix polymers. The center, each intermediate layer, and cover may also be made of thermoset materials, particularly crosslinked elastomers. The center and each intermediate layer in particular may also be made from a rubber.

Ionomer resins are metal cation ionomers of addition copolymers of ethylenically unsaturated acids. Preferred ionomers are copolymers of at least one alpha olefin, at least one C₃₋₈ α,β-ethylenically unsaturated carboxylic acid, and optionally other comonomers. The copolymers may contain as a comonomer at least one softening monomer such as an ethylenically unsaturated ester, for example vinyl acetate or an alkyl acrylate or methacrylate such as a C₁ to C₈ alkyl acrylate or methacrylate ester.

The weight percentage of acid monomer units in the ionomer copolymer may be in a range having a lower limit of about 1 or about 4 or about 6 or about 8 or about 10 or about 12 or about 15 or about 20 weight percent and an upper limit of about 20 (when the lower limit is not 20) or about 25 or about 30 or about 35 or about 40 weight percent based on the total weight of the acid copolymer. The α,β-ethylenically unsaturated acid is preferably selected from acrylic acid, methacrylic acid, ethacrylic acid, maleic acid, crotonic acid, fumaric acid, itaconic acid, and combinations of these. In various embodiments, acrylic acid and methacrylic acid may be particularly preferred.

The acid monomer is preferably copolymerized with an alpha-olefin selected from ethylene and propylene. The weight percentage of alpha-olefin units in the ionomer copolymer may be at least about 15 or about 20 or about 25 or about 30 or about 40 or about 50 or about 60 weight based on the total weight of the acid copolymer.

In certain preferred embodiments, particularly for the cover, the ionomer includes no other comonomer besides the alpha-olefin and the ethylenically unsaturated carboxylic acid. In other embodiments, a softening comonomer is copolymerized. Nonlimiting examples of suitable softening comonomers are alkyl esters of C₃₋₈ α,β-ethylenically unsaturated carboxylic acids, particularly those in which the alkyl group has 1 to 8 carbon atoms, for instance methyl methacrylate, ethyl acrylate, ethyl methacrylate, propyl acrylate, propyl methacrylate, butyl acrylate, butyl methacrylate, isobutyl acrylate, tert-butyl methacrylate, hexyl acrylate, 2-ethylhexyl methacrylate, and combinations of these. When the ionomer includes a softening comonomer, the softening comonomer monomer units may be present in a weight percentage of the copolymer in a range with a lower limit of a finite amount more than zero, or about 1 or about 3 or about 5 or about 11 or about 15 or about 20 weight percent of the copolymer and an upper limit of about 23 or about 25 or about 30 or about 35 or about 50 weight percent of the copolymer.

Nonlimiting specific examples of acid-containing ethylene copolymers include copolymers of ethylene/acrylic acid/n-butyl acrylate, ethylene/methacrylic acid/n-butyl acrylate, ethylene/methacrylic acid/isobutyl acrylate, ethylene/acrylic acid/isobutyl acrylate, ethylene/methacrylic acid/n-butyl methacrylate, ethylene/acrylic acid/methyl methacrylate, ethylene/acrylic acid/methyl acrylate, ethylene/methacrylic acid/methyl acrylate, ethylene/methacrylic acid/methyl methacrylate, and ethylene/acrylic acid/n-butyl methacrylate. Preferred acid-containing ethylene copolymers include copolymers of ethylene/methacrylic acid/n-butyl acrylate, ethylene/acrylic acid/n-butyl acrylate, ethylene/methacrylic acid/methyl acrylate, ethylene/acrylic acid/ethyl acrylate, ethylene/methacrylic acid/ethyl acrylate, and ethylene/acrylic acid/methyl acrylate. In various embodiments the most preferred acid-containing ethylene copolymers include ethylene/(meth)acrylic acid/n-butyl acrylate, ethylene/(meth)acrylic acid/ethyl acrylate, and ethylene/(meth)acrylic acid/methyl acrylate copolymers.

The acid moiety in the ethylene-acid copolymer may be neutralized by any metal cation. Suitable cations include lithium, sodium, potassium, magnesium, calcium, barium, lead, tin, zinc, aluminum, bismuth, chromium, cobalt, copper, strontium, titanium, tungsten, or a combination of these cations; in various embodiments alkali, alkaline earth, or zinc metal cations are preferred. In various embodiments, the acid groups of the ionomer may be neutralized from about 10% or from about 20% or from about 30% or from about 40% to about 60% or to about 70% or to about 75% or to about 80% or to about 90% or to 100%.

The ionomer resin may be a high acid ionomer resin. In general, ionomers prepared by neutralizing acid copolymers including at least about 16 weight % of copolymerized acid residues based on the total weight of the unneutralized ethylene acid copolymer are considered “high acid” ionomers. In these high modulus ionomers, the acid monomer, particularly acrylic or methacrylic acid, is present in about 16 to about 35 weight %. In various embodiments, the copolymerized carboxylic acid may be from about 16 weight %, or about 17 weight % or about 18.5 weight % or about 20 weight % up to about 21.5 weight % or up to about 25 weight % or up to about 30 weight % or up to about 35 weight % of the unneutralized copolymer. A high acid ionomer resin may be combined with a “low acid” ionomer resin in which the copolymerized carboxylic acid is less than 16 weight % of the unneutralized copolymer.

In various preferred embodiments, the ionomer resin is formed by adding a sufficiently high molecular weight, monomeric, mono-functional organic acid or salt of organic acid to the acid copolymer or ionomer so that the acid copolymer or ionomer can be neutralized, without losing processability, to a level above the level that would cause the ionomer alone to become non-melt-processable. The monomeric, mono-functional organic acid its salt may be added to the ethylene-unsaturated acid copolymers before they are neutralized or after they are optionally partially neutralized to a level between about 1 and about 100%, provided that the level of neutralization is such that the resulting ionomer remains melt-processable. In generally, when the monomeric, mono-functional organic acid is included the acid groups of the copolymer may be neutralized from at least about 40 to about 100%, preferably at least about 80% to about 100%, more preferably at least about 90% to about 100%, still more preferably at least about 95% to about 100%, and most preferably about 100% without losing processability. Such high neutralization, particularly to levels of at least about 80% or at least about 90% or at least about 95% or most preferably 100%, without loss of processability can be done by (a) melt-blending the ethylene α,β-ethylenically unsaturated carboxylic acid copolymer or a melt-processable salt of the copolymer with the organic acid or the salt of the organic acid, and (b) adding a sufficient amount of a cation source up to 110% of the amount needed to neutralize the total acid in the copolymer or ionomer and organic acid or salt to the desired level to increase the level of neutralization of all the acid moieties in the mixture preferably at least about 80%, at least about 90%, at least about 95%, or preferably to about 100%. To obtain 100% neutralization, it is preferred to add a slight excess of up to 110% of cation source over the amount stoichiometrically required to obtain the 100% neutralization.

The preferred monomeric, monofunctional organic acids are aliphatic or aromatic saturated or unsaturated acids that may have from 6 or from about 8 or from about 12 or from about 18 carbon atoms up to about 36 carbon atoms or up to 35 carbon atoms. Nonlimiting suitable examples of the monomeric, monofunctional organic acid includes caproic acid, caprylic acid, capric acid, lauric acid, stearic acid, behenic acid, erucic acid, oleic acid, linoleic acid, myristic acid, benzoic acid, palmitic acid, phenylacetic acid, naphthalenic acid, dimerized derivatives of these, and their salts, particularly the barium, lithium, sodium, zinc, bismuth, chromium, cobalt, copper, potassium, strontium, titanium, tungsten, magnesium or calcium salts. These may be used in any combination.

Many grades of ionomer resins are commercially available, for example from E.I. du Pont de Nemours and Company, Inc. under the trademark Surlyn® or the designation “HPF,” from ExxonMobil Chemical under the trademarks Iotek™ and Escor™, or from Honeywell International Inc. under the trademark AClyn®. The various grades may be used in combination. In various preferred embodiments, the inomer resin may be a highly neutralized ionomer resin of the acrylic or methacrylic acid type, such as DuPont™ HPF 2000 or AD-1035 made by E.I. du Pont de Nemours and Company, Inc.

Thermoplastic polyolefin elastomers may also be used in in making the golf ball. These are metallocene-catalyzed block copolymers of ethylene and α-olefins having 4 to about 8 carbon atoms that are prepared by single-site metallocene catalysis, for example in a high pressure process in the presence of a catalyst system comprising a cyclopentadienyl-transition metal compound and an alumoxane. Nonlimiting examples of the α-olefin softening comonomer include hexane-1 or octene-1; octene-1 is a preferred comonomer to use. These materials are commercially available, for example, from ExxonMobil under the tradename Exact™ and from the Dow Chemical Company under the tradename Engage™.

In various preferred embodiments, the golf ball includes a polyolefin elastomer, especially one of the thermoplastic polyolefin elastomers just described. The core center may include from about 5 percent by weight to about 50 percent by weight, preferably from about 10 percent by weight to about 30 percent by weight polyolefin elastomer based on the combined weights of polyolefin elastomer and ionomer resin.

In one embodiment, the core center or an intermediate layer is made of a combination of a metal ionomer of a copolymer of ethylene and at least one of acrylic acid and methacrylic acid, a metallocene-catalyzed copolymer of ethylene and an α-olefin having 4 to about 8 carbon atoms, and a metal salt of an unsaturated fatty acid. that may be prepared as described in Statz et al., U.S. Pat. No. 7,375,151 or as described in Kennedy, “Process for Making Thermoplastic Golf Ball Material and Golf Ball with Thermoplastic Material, U.S. patent application Ser. No. 13/825,112, filed 15 Mar. 2013, the entire contents of both being incorporated herein by reference.

Suitable thermoplastic styrene block copolymer elastomers that may be used in the center, intermediate layer, or cover of the golf ball include poly(styrene-butadiene-styrene), poly(styrene-ethylene-co-butylene-styrene), poly(styrene-isoprene-styrene), and poly(styrene-ethylene-co-propylene) copolymers. These styrenic block copolymers may be prepared by living anionic polymerization with sequential addition of styrene and the diene forming the soft block, for example using butyl lithium as initiator. Thermoplastic styrene block copolymer elastomers are commercially available, for example, under the trademark Kraton™ sold by Kraton Polymers U.S. LLC, Houston, Tex. Other such elastomers may be made as block copolymers by using other polymerizable, hard, non-rubber monomers in place of the styrene, including meth(acrylate) esters such as methyl methacrylate and cyclohexyl methacrylate, and other vinyl arylenes, such as alkyl styrenes.

Thermoplastic polyurethane elastomers such as thermoplastic polyester-polyurethanes, polyether-polyurethanes, and polycarbonate-polyurethanes may be used as a core or cover thermoplastic material. The thermoplastic polyurethane elastomers include polyurethanes polymerized using as polymeric diol reactants polyethers and polyesters including polycaprolactone polyesters. These polymeric diol-based polyurethanes are prepared by reaction of the polymeric diol (polyester diol, polyether diol, polycaprolactone diol, polytetrahydrofuran diol, or polycarbonate diol), one or more polyisocyanates, and, optionally, one or more chain extension compounds. Chain extension compounds, as the term is being used, are compounds having two or more functional groups reactive with isocyanate groups, such as the diols, amino alcohols, and diamines. Preferably the polymeric diol-based polyurethane is substantially linear (i.e., substantially all of the reactants are difunctional).

Diisocyanates used in making the polyurethane elastomers may be aromatic or aliphatic. Useful diisocyanate compounds used to prepare thermoplastic polyurethanes include, without limitation, isophorone diisocyanate (IPDI), methylene bis-4-cyclohexyl isocyanate (H₁₂MDI), cyclohexyl diisocyanate (CHDI), m-tetramethyl xylene diisocyanate (m-TMXDI), p-tetramethyl xylene diisocyanate (p-TMXDI), 4,4′-methylene diphenyl diisocyanate (MDI, also known as 4,4′-diphenylmethane diisocyanate), 2,4- or 2,6-toluene diisocyanate (TDI), ethylene diisocyanate, 1,2-diisocyanatopropane, 1,3-diisocyanatopropane, 1,6-diisocyanatohexane (hexamethylene diisocyanate or HDI), 1,4-butylene diisocyanate, lysine diisocyanate, meta-xylylenediioscyanate and para-xylylenediisocyanate, 4-chloro-1,3-phenylene diisocyanate, 1,5-tetrahydro-naphthalene diisocyanate, 4,4′-dibenzyl diisocyanate, and xylylene diisocyanate (XDI), and combinations of these. Nonlimiting examples of higher-functionality polyisocyanates that may be used in limited amounts to produce branched thermoplastic polyurethanes (optionally along with monofunctional alcohols or monofunctional isocyanates) include 1,2,4-benzene triisocyanate, 1,3,6-hexamethylene triisocyanate, 1,6,11-undecane triisocyanate, bicycloheptane triisocyanate, triphenylmethane-4,4′,4″-triisocyanate, isocyanurates of diisocyanates, biurets of diisocyanates, allophanates of diisocyanates, and the like.

Nonlimiting examples of suitable diols that may be used as extenders include ethylene glycol and lower oligomers of ethylene glycol including diethylene glycol, triethylene glycol and tetraethylene glycol; propylene glycol and lower oligomers of propylene glycol including dipropylene glycol, tripropylene glycol and tetrapropylene glycol; cyclohexanedimethanol, 1,6-hexanediol, 2-ethyl-1,6-hexanediol, 1,4-butanediol, 2,3-butanediol, 1,5-pentanediol, 1,3-propanediol, butylene glycol, neopentyl glycol, dihydroxyalkylated aromatic compounds such as the bis(2-hydroxyethyl)ethers of hydroquinone and resorcinol; p-xylene-α,α′-diol; the bis(2-hydroxyethyl)ether of p-xylene-α,α′-diol; m-xylene-α,α′-diol, and combinations of these. Other active hydrogen-containing chain extenders that contain at least two active hydrogen groups may be used, for example, dithiols, diamines, or compounds having a mixture of hydroxyl, thiol, and amine groups, such as alkanolamines, aminoalkyl mercaptans, and hydroxyalkyl mercaptans, among others. Suitable diamine extenders include, without limitation, ethylene diamine, diethylene triamine, triethylene tetraamine, and combinations of these. Other typical chain extenders are amino alcohols such as ethanolamine, propanolamine, butanolamine, and combinations of these. The molecular weights of the chain extenders preferably range from about 60 to about 400. Alcohols and amines are preferred.

In addition to difunctional extenders, a small amount of a trifunctional extender such as trimethylolpropane, 1,2,6-hexanetriol and glycerol, or monofunctional active hydrogen compounds such as butanol or dimethyl amine, may also be present. The amount of trifunctional extender or monofunctional compound employed may be, for example, 5.0 equivalent percent or less based on the total weight of the reaction product and active hydrogen containing groups used.

The polyester diols used in forming a thermoplastic polyurethane elastomer are in general prepared by the condensation polymerization of one or more polyacid compounds and one or more polyol compounds. Preferably, the polyacid compounds and polyol compounds are di-functional, i.e., diacid compounds and diols are used to prepare substantially linear polyester diols, although minor amounts of mono-functional, tri-functional, and higher functionality materials can be included to provide a slightly branched, but uncrosslinked polyester polyol component. Suitable dicarboxylic acids include, without limitation, glutaric acid, succinic acid, malonic acid, oxalic acid, phthalic acid, hexahydrophthalic acid, adipic acid, maleic acid, suberic acid, azelaic acid, dodecanedioic acid, their anhydrides and polymerizable esters (e.g., methyl esters) and acid halides (e.g., acid chlorides), and mixtures of these. Suitable polyols include those already mentioned, especially the diols. Typical catalysts for the esterification polymerization are protonic acids, Lewis acids, titanium alkoxides, and dialkyltin oxides.

A polymeric polyether or polycaprolactone diol reactant for preparing thermoplastic polyurethane elastomers may be obtained by reacting a diol initiator, e.g., 1,3-propanediol or ethylene or propylene glycol, with a lactone or alkylene oxide chain-extension reagent. Lactones that can be ring opened by an active hydrogen are well-known in the art. Examples of suitable lactones include, without limitation, ε-caprolactone, γ-caprolactone, β-butyrolactone, β-propriolactone, γ-butyrolactone, α-methyl-γ-butyrolactone, β-methyl-γ-butyrolactone, γ-valerolactone, δ-valerolactone, γ-decanolactone, δ-decanolactone, γ-nonanoic lactone, γ-octanoic lactone, and combinations of these. In one preferred embodiment, the lactone is ε-caprolactone. Useful catalysts include those mentioned above for polyester synthesis. Alternatively, the reaction can be initiated by forming a sodium salt of the hydroxyl group on the molecules that will react with the lactone ring. In other embodiments, a diol initiator may be reacted with an oxirane-containing compound to produce a polyether diol to be used in the polyurethane elastomer polymerization. Alkylene oxide polymer segments include, without limitation, the polymerization products of ethylene oxide, propylene oxide, 1,2-cyclohexene oxide, 1-butene oxide, 2-butene oxide, 1-hexene oxide, tert-butylethylene oxide, phenyl glycidyl ether, 1-decene oxide, isobutylene oxide, cyclopentene oxide, 1-pentene oxide, and combinations of these. The oxirane-containing compound is preferably selected from ethylene oxide, propylene oxide, butylene oxide, tetrahydrofuran, and combinations of these. The alkylene oxide polymerization is typically base-catalyzed. The polymerization may be carried out, for example, by charging the hydroxyl-functional initiator compound and a catalytic amount of caustic, such as potassium hydroxide, sodium methoxide, or potassium tert-butoxide, and adding the alkylene oxide at a sufficient rate to keep the monomer available for reaction. Two or more different alkylene oxide monomers may be randomly copolymerized by coincidental addition or polymerized in blocks by sequential addition. Homopolymers or copolymers of ethylene oxide or propylene oxide are preferred. Tetrahydrofuran may be polymerized by a cationic ring-opening reaction using such counterions as SbF₆ ⁻, AsF₆ ⁻, PF₆ ⁻, SbCl₆ ⁻, BF₄ ⁻, CF₃SO₃ ⁻, FSO₃ ⁻, and ClO₄ ⁻. Initiation is by formation of a tertiary oxonium ion. The polytetrahydrofuran segment can be prepared as a “living polymer” and terminated by reaction with the hydroxyl group of a diol such as any of those mentioned above. Polytetrahydrofuran is also known as polytetramethylene ether glycol (PTMEG).

Aliphatic polycarbonate diols that may be used in making a thermoplastic polyurethane elastomer may be prepared by the reaction of diols with dialkyl carbonates (such as diethyl carbonate), diphenyl carbonate, or dioxolanones (such as cyclic carbonates having five- and six-member rings) in the presence of catalysts like alkali metal, tin catalysts, or titanium compounds. Useful diols include, without limitation, any of those already mentioned. Aromatic polycarbonates are usually prepared from reaction of bisphenols, e.g., bisphenol A, with phosgene or diphenyl carbonate.

In various embodiments, the polymeric diol preferably has a weight average molecular weight of at least about 500, more preferably at least about 1000, and even more preferably at least about 1800 and a weight average molecular weight of up to about 10,000, but polymeric diols having weight average molecular weights of up to about 5000, especially up to about 4000, may also be preferred. The polymeric diol advantageously has a weight average molecular weight in the range from about 500 to about 10,000, preferably from about 1000 to about 5000, and more preferably from about 1500 to about 4000. The weight average molecular weights may be determined by ASTM D4274.

The reaction of the polyisocyanate, polymeric diol, and diol or other chain extension agent is typically carried out at an elevated temperature in the presence of a catalyst. Typical catalysts for this reaction include organotin catalysts such as stannous octoate, dibutyl tin dilaurate, dibutyl tin diacetate, dibutyl tin oxide, tertiary amines, zinc salts, and manganese salts. Generally, for elastomeric polyurethanes, the ratio of polymeric diol, such as polyester diol, to extender can be varied within a relatively wide range depending largely on the desired flexural modulus of the final polyurethane elastomer. For example, the equivalent proportion of polyester diol to extender may be within the range of 1:0 to 1:12 and, more preferably, from 1:1 to 1:8. Preferably, the diisocyanate(s) employed are proportioned such that the overall ratio of equivalents of isocyanate to equivalents of active hydrogen containing materials is within the range of 1:1 to 1:1.05, and more preferably, 1:1 to 1:1.02. The polymeric diol segments typically are from about 35% to about 65% by weight of the polyurethane polymer, and preferably from about 35% to about 50% by weight of the polyurethane polymer.

Suitable thermoplastic polyurea elastomers may be prepared by reaction of one or more polymeric diamines or polyols with one or more of the polyisocyanates already mentioned and one or more diamine extenders. Nonlimiting examples of suitable diamine extenders include ethylene diamine, 1,3-propylene diamine, 2-methyl-pentamethylene diamine, hexamethylene diamine, 2,2,4- and 2,4,4-trimethyl-1,6-hexane diamine, imino-bis(propylamine), imido-bis(propylamine), N-(3-aminopropyl)-N-methyl-1,3-propanediamine), 1,4-bis(3-aminopropoxy)butane, diethyleneglycol-di(aminopropyl)ether), 1-methyl-2,6-diamino-cyclohexane, 1,4-diamino-cyclohexane, 1,3- or 1,4-bis(methylamino)-cyclohexane, isophorone diamine, 1,2- or 1,4-bis(sec-butylamino)-cyclohexane, N,N′-diisopropyl-isophorone diamine, 4,4′-diamino-dicyclohexylmethane, 3,3′-dimethyl-4,4′-diamino-dicyclohexylmethane, N,N′-dialkylamino-dicyclohexylmethane, and 3,3′-diethyl-5,5′-dimethyl-4,4′-diamino-dicyclohexylmethane. Polymeric diamines include polyoxyethylene diamines, polyoxypropylene diamines, poly(oxyethylene-oxypropylene)diamines, and poly(tetramethylene ether)diamines. The amine- and hydroxyl-functional extenders already mentioned may be used as well. Generally, as before, trifunctional reactants are limited and may be used in conjunction with monofunctional reactants to prevent crosslinking.

Suitable thermoplastic polyamide elastomers may be obtained by: (1) polycondensation of (a) a dicarboxylic acid, such as oxalic acid, adipic acid, sebacic acid, terephthalic acid, isophthalic acid, 1,4-cyclohexanedicarboxylic acid, or any of the other dicarboxylic acids already mentioned with (b) a diamine, such as ethylenediamine, tetramethylenediamine, pentamethylenediamine, hexamethylenediamine, or decamethylenediamine, 1,4-cyclohexanediamine, m-xylylenediamine, or any of the other diamines already mentioned; (2) a ring-opening polymerization of a cyclic lactam, such as ε-caprolactam or ω-laurolactam; (3) polycondensation of an aminocarboxylic acid, such as 6-aminocaproic acid, 9-aminononanoic acid, 11-aminoundecanoic acid, or 12-aminododecanoic acid; or (4) copolymerization of a cyclic lactam with a dicarboxylic acid and a diamine to prepare a carboxylic acid-functional polyamide block, followed by reaction with a polymeric ether diol (polyoxyalkylene glycol) such as any of those already mentioned. Polymerization may be carried out, for example, at temperatures of from about 180° C. to about 300° C. Specific examples of suitable polyamide block copolymers include NYLON 6, NYLON 66, NYLON 610, NYLON 11, NYLON 12, copolymerized NYLON MXD6, and NYLON 46 block copolymer elastomers.

Thermoplastic polyester elastomers have blocks of monomer units with low chain length that form the crystalline regions and blocks of softening segments with monomer units having relatively higher chain lengths. Thermoplastic polyester elastomers are commercially available under the trademark Hytrel® from DuPont and under the trademark Pebax® from Arkema.

Another suitable example of thermoplastic elastomers are those having dispersed domains of cured rubbers incorporated in a thermoplastic matrix via dynamic vulcanization of rubbers. The thermoplastic matrix may be any of these thermoplastic elastomers or other thermoplastic polymers. One such composition is described in Voorheis et al, U.S. Pat. No. 7,148,279, which is incorporated herein by reference. In various embodiments, the core center may include a thermoplastic dynamic vulcanizate of a rubber in a non-elastomeric matrix resin such as polypropylene. Thermoplastic vulcanizates commercially available from ExxonMobil under the tradename Santoprene™ are believed to be vulcanized domains of EPDM in polypropylene.

Plasticizers or softening polymers may be incorporated. One example of such a plasticizer is the high molecular weight, monomeric organic acid or its salt that may be incorporated, for example, with an ionomer polymer as already described, including metal stearates such as zinc stearate, calcium stearate, barium stearate, lithium stearate and magnesium stearate. For most thermoplastic elastomers, the percentage of hard-to-soft segments is adjusted if lower hardness is desired rather than by adding a plasticizer.

Thermoset elastomers may also be used. In particular, cured rubbers may be used in the core and crosslinked thermoplastic elastomers may be used for the cover.

Suitable nonlimiting examples of base rubbers include butadiene, such as high cis-1,4 polybutadiene, natural rubber, polyisoprene rubber, styrene polybutadiene rubber, and ethylene-propylene-diene rubber (EPDM).

In various embodiments, the center or an intermediate layer many include a cured product of a rubber composition comprising a polybutadiene, an unsaturated carboxylic acid or metal salt of an unsaturated carboxylic acid, and an organic peroxide. In certain embodiments, the polybutadiene may have a Mooney viscosity (ML₁₊₄(100° C.)) of at least about 40, preferably from about 40 to about 85, and more preferably from about 50 to about 85. “Mooney viscosity (ML₁₊₄(100° C.))” is measured according to JIS K6300 using a Mooney viscometer, which is a type of rotary plastomer. In the term ML₁₊₄(100° C.), “M” indicates Mooney viscosity, “L” stands for large rotor (L-type), and “1+4” indicates a pre-heating time of 1 minute and a rotor rotation time of 4 minutes. The “(100° C.)” indicates that the measurement is carried out at a temperature of 100° C.

In certain embodiments, the polybutadiene may have at least about 70%, preferably at least about 80%, more preferably at least about 90%, and still more preferably at least about 95%, and most preferably at least about 98% of the monomer units joined via cis-1,4 bonds based on the total number of butadiene monomer units. Higher cis-1,4-bond content in the polybutadiene generally increases resilience. Moreover, it may be preferred that the polybutadiene have a 1,2-vinyl bond content of preferably not more than 2%, more preferably not more than 1.7%, and even more preferably not more than 1.5%. Such high cis-1,4 polybutadienes are commercially available or can be polymerized using a rare-earth catalyst or a Group VIII metal compound catalyst, preferably a rare-earth catalyst. Nonlimiting examples of rare-earth catalysts that may be used include those made by a combination of a lanthanide series rare-earth compound with an organoaluminum compound, an alumoxane, a halogen-bearing compound, and an optional Lewis base. Examples of suitable lanthanide series rare-earth compounds include halides, carboxylates, alcoholates, thioalcoholates and amides of atomic number 57 to 71 metals. A neodymium catalyst is particularly advantageous because it results in a polybutadiene rubber having a high cis-1,4 bond content and a low 1,2-vinyl bond content. When other rubbers are included, the high cis-1,4 polybutadiene should be at least about 50% by weight, preferably at least about 80% by weight based on the total weight of base rubber.

The rubber composition may include an unsaturated carboxylic acid or metal salt of an unsaturated carboxylic acid which acts as a crosslinker or co-crosslinking agent. Such unsaturated carboxylic acids or salts may, in general, be α,β-ethylenically unsaturated acids having 3 to 8 carbon atoms such as acrylic acid, methacrylic acid, crotonic acid, maleic acid, and fumaric acid that may be used as their magnesium and zinc salts. Specific examples of preferable co-crosslinking agents include zinc diacrylate, magnesium diacrylate, zinc dimethacrylate and magnesium dimethacrylate. The amount of the unsaturated carboxylic acid or its salt is typically at least about 10 parts by weight, preferably at least about 15 parts by weight and up to about 50 parts by weight, preferably up to about 45 parts by weight per 100 parts by weight of the base rubber.

The rubber composition includes a free radical initiator or sulfur compound. Suitable initiators include organic peroxide compounds such as dicumyl peroxide, 1,1-di(t-butylperoxy) 3,3,5-trimethyl cyclohexane, α,α-bis(t-butylperoxy)diisopropylbenzene, 2,5-dimethyl-2,5 di(t-butylperoxy)hexane, di-t-butyl peroxide. The amount of the organic peroxide is typically at least about 0.1 part by weight, preferably at least about 0.3 part by weight, more preferably equal at least about 0.5 part by weight up to about 3.0 parts by weight, preferably up to about 2.5 parts by weight, based on 100 parts by weight of the base rubber. Nonlimiting examples of suitable sulfur compounds include thiophenols, thionaphthols, halogenated thiophenols, and metal salts of these, for example pentachlorothiophenol, pentafluorothiophenol, pentabromothiophenol, p-chlorothiophenol, and zinc salts thereof; diphenylpolysulfides, dibenzylpolysulfides, dibenzoylpolysulfides, dibenzothiazoylpolysulfides and dithiobenzoylpolysulfides having 2 to 4 sulfur atoms; alkylphenyldisulfides; and furan ring-containing sulfur compounds and thiophene ring-containing sulfur compounds, particularly diphenyldisulfide or the zinc salt of pentachlorothiophenol. The amount of the sulfur compound is typically at least about 0.05 part by weight, preferably at least about 0.2 part by weight, more preferably at least about 0.4 part by weight or at least about 0.7 part by weight up to about 5.0 parts by weight, preferably up to about 4 parts by weight, more preferably up to about 3 parts by weight or up to about 1.5 parts by weight, based on 100 parts by weight of the base rubber.

The cover may also be include a crosslinked thermoplastic elastomer, such as a crosslinked polyurethane, polyurea, or polyamide elastomer. Crosslinked polyurethane and polyurea covers may be formed by crosslinking a polyester or polymeric polyamine, for examples one of those described above in making thermoplastic polyurethanes and polyureas, with a polyisocyanate crosslinker or by crosslinking a hydroxyl-functional thermoplastic polyurethane elastomer or amine-functional thermoplastic polyurea elastomer, or amine-functional thermoplastic polyamide with a polyisocyanate crosslinker. Nonlimiting examples of polyisocyanate crosslinkers that may be used include 1,2,4-benzene triisocyanate, 1,3,6-hexamethylene triisocyanate, 1,6,11-undecane triisocyanate, bicycloheptane triisocyanate, triphenylmethane-4,4′,4″-triisocyanate, isocyanurates of diisocyanates, biurets of diisocyanates, allophanates of diisocyanates, such as any of the diisocyanates already mentioned above.

In another embodiment, the cover includes a crosslinked thermoplastic polyurethane elastomer prepared by crosslinking ethylencially unsaturated bonds located in the hard segments that may be crosslinked by free radical initiation, for example using heat or actinic radiation. The crosslinks may be made through allyl ether side groups provided by forming the thermoplastic polyurethane using an unsaturated diol having two isocyanate-reactive groups, for example primary hydroxyl groups, and at least one allyl ether side group. Nonlimiting examples of such unsaturated diols include those of the formula

in which R is a substituted or unsubstituted alkyl group and x and y are independently integers of 1 to 4. In one particular embodiment, the unsaturated diol may be trimethylolpropane monoallylether (“TMPME”) (CAS no. 682-11-1). TMPME is commercially available, for example from Perstorp Specialty Chemicals AB. Other suitable compounds that may be used as the unsaturated diol may include: 1,3-propanediol, 2-(2-propen-1-yl)-2-[(2-propen-1-yloxy)methyl]; 1,3-propanediol, 2-methyl-2-[(2-propen-1-yloxy)methyl]; 1,3-propanediol, 2,2-bis[(2-propen-1-yloxy)methyl; and 1,3-propanediol, 2-[(2,3-dibromopropoxy)methyl]-2-[(2-propen-1-yloxy)methyl]. The crosslinked polyurethane is prepared by reacting the unsaturated diol, at least one diisocyanate, at least one polymeric polyol having a number average molecular weight of from about 500 and to about 4,000, optionally at least one nonpolymeric reactant with two or more isocyanate-reactive groups (an “extender”) that typically has a molecular weight of less than about 450, and a sufficient amount of free radical initiator to generate free radicals that induce crosslinking through addition polymerization of the ethylenically unsaturated groups.

Ethylenic unsaturation may also be introduced after the polyurethane is made, for example by copolymerizing dimethylolpropionic acid then reacting the pendent carboxyl groups with isocyanatoethyl methacrylate, glycidyl methacrylate, glycidyl acrylate, or allyl glycidyl ether.

The amount of unsaturated diol monomer units in the crosslinked thermoplastic polyurethane elastomer may generally be from about 0.1 wt. % to about 25 wt. %. In particular embodiments, the amount of unsaturated diol monomer units in the crosslinked thermoplastic polyurethane elastomer may be about 10 wt. %. Furthermore, the NCO index of the reactants making up the crosslinked thermoplastic polyurethane elastomer may be from about 0.9 to about 1.3. As is generally known, the NCO index is the molar ratio of isocyanate functional groups to active hydrogen containing groups. In particular embodiments, the NCO index may be about 1.0.

Once reacted, the portions of the polymer chain made up of the chain extender and diisocyanate generally align themselves into crystalline domains through weak (i.e., non-covalent) association, such as through Van der Waals forces, dipole-dipole interactions or hydrogen bonding. These portions are commonly referred to as the hard segments because the crystalline structure is harder than the amorphous portions made up of the polymeric polyol segments. The crosslinks formed from addition polymerization of the allyl ether or other ethylenically unsaturated side groups are understood to be in such crystalline domains.

The physical properties of the golf ball materials can be modified by including a filler. Nonlimiting examples of suitable fillers include clay, talc, asbestos, graphite, glass, mica, calcium metasilicate, barium sulfate, zinc sulfide, aluminum hydroxide, silicates, diatomaceous earth, carbonates (such as calcium carbonate, magnesium carbonate and the like), metals (such as titanium, tungsten, aluminum, bismuth, nickel, molybdenum, iron, copper, brass, boron, bronze, cobalt, beryllium and alloys of these), metal oxides (such as zinc oxide, iron oxide, aluminum oxide, titanium oxide, magnesium oxide, zirconium oxide and the like), particulate synthetic plastics (such as high molecular weight polyethylene, polystyrene, polyethylene ionomeric resins and the like), particulate carbonaceous materials (such as carbon black, natural bitumen and the like), as well as cotton flock, cellulose flock and/or leather fiber. Nonlimiting examples of heavy-weight fillers that may be used to increase specific gravity include titanium, tungsten, aluminum, bismuth, nickel, molybdenum, iron, steel, lead, copper, brass, boron, boron carbide whiskers, bronze, cobalt, beryllium, zinc, tin, and metal oxides (such as zinc oxide, iron oxide, aluminum oxide, titanium oxide, magnesium oxide, zirconium oxide). Nonlimiting examples of light-weight fillers that may be used to decrease specific gravity include particulate plastics, glass, ceramics, and hollow spheres, regrinds, or foams of these. Fillers that may be used in the core center and core layers of a golf ball are typically in a finely divided form.

The cover may be formulated with a pigment, such as a yellow or white pigment, and in particular a white pigment such as titanium dioxide or zinc oxide. Generally titanium dioxide is used as a white pigment, for example in amounts of from about 0.5 parts by weight or 1 part by weight to about 8 parts by weight or 10 parts by weight passed on 100 parts by weight of polymer. In various embodiments, a white-colored cover may be tinted with a small amount of blue pigment or brightener.

Customary additives can also be included in the golf ball materials, for example dispersants, antioxidants such as phenols, phosphites, and hydrazides, processing aids, surfactants, stabilizers, and so on. The cover may also contain additives such as hindered amine light stabilizers such as piperidines and oxanalides, ultraviolet light absorbers such as benzotriazoles, triazines, and hindered phenols, fluorescent materials and fluorescent brighteners, dyes such as blue dye, and antistatic agents.

The materials may be compounded by conventional methods, such as melt mixing in a single- or twin-screw extruder, a Banbury mixer, an internal mixer, a two-roll mill, or a ribbon mixer. The core or, in the case of a multilayer core, the center and intermediate layer or layers may be formed by usual methods, for example by injection molding and compression molding. The core may be ground to a desired diameter. Grinding can also be used to remove flash, pin marks, and gate marks due to the molding process.

A cover layer is molded over the core. In various embodiments, the third thermoplastic material used to make the cover may preferably include thermoplastic polyurethane elastomers, thermoplastic polyurea elastomers, and the metal cation salts of copolymers of ethylene with ethylenically unsaturated carboxylic acids.

The cover may be formed on the core by injection molding, compression molding, casting, and so on. For example, when the cover is formed by injection molding, a core fabricated beforehand may be set inside a mold, and the cover material may be injected into the mold. The cover is typically molded on the core by injection molding or compression molding. Alternatively, another method that may be used involves pre-molding a pair of half-covers from the cover material by die casting or another molding method, enclosing the core in the half-covers, and compression molding at, for example, between 120° C. and 170° C. for a period of 1 to 5 minutes to attach the cover halves around the core. The core may be surface-treated before the cover is formed over it to increase the adhesion between the core and the cover. Nonlimiting examples of suitable surface preparations include mechanically or chemically abrasion, corona discharge, plasma treatment, or application of an adhesion promoter such as a silane or of an adhesive. The cover typically has a dimple pattern and profile to provide desirable aerodynamic characteristics to the golf ball.

In various embodiments, the material used to make the cover may preferably include thermoplastic polyurethane elastomer, thermoplastic polyurea elastomer, ionomer resin, or combinations of these or thermoset polyurethane elastomer or polyurea elastomer.

The golf balls can be of any size, although the USGA requires that golf balls used in competition have a diameter of at least 1.68 inches (42.672 mm) and a weight of no greater than 1.62 ounces (45.926 g). For play outside of USGA competition, the golf balls can have smaller diameters and be heavier.

After a golf ball has been molded, it may undergo various further processing steps such as buffing, painting and marking. In a particularly preferred embodiment of the invention, the golf ball has a dimple pattern that coverage of 65% or more of the surface. The golf ball typically is coated with a durable, abrasion-resistant and relatively non-yellowing finish coat.

While the best modes for carrying out the invention have been described in detail, those familiar with the art to which this invention relates will recognize various alternative designs and embodiments for practicing the invention within the scope of the appended claims. It is intended that all matter contained in the above description or shown in the accompanying drawings shall be interpreted as illustrative only and not as limiting. 

What is claimed is:
 1. A multi-layer golf ball comprising: a core having an outer surface that includes: a plurality of protrusions extending radially outward from a spherical land portion; wherein each protrusion has a maximum height relative to the spherical core of between 0.15 mm and 2.0 mm; and wherein the spherical land portion has a diameter of between 24 mm and 32 mm; an intermediate layer surrounding the core and having a radially inward surface that is bonded to the outer surface of the core across the entire outer surface, the intermediate layer having a minimum radial thickness of between 4 mm and 9 mm; a cover layer surrounding the intermediate layer and defining an outermost portion of ball.
 2. The golf ball of claim 1, wherein the core is formed from an ionomeric material and has a hardness measured on the JIS-C scale of between 34 and 70; and wherein the intermediate layer is formed from a rubber, and has a hardness measured on the Shore D scale of between 56 and
 64. 3. The golf ball of claim 1, wherein each protrusion has a width measured at the spherical land portion; and wherein each protrusion has a width/maximum height ratio of between 2 and
 8. 4. The golf ball of claim 1, wherein the cover layer includes one or more of an ionomer resin, a polyethylene, and a polyester resin.
 5. The golf ball of claim 1, wherein the cover layer is formed from a thermoplastic material having a hardness measured on the Shore-D scale of up to about
 72. 6. The golf ball of claim 5, wherein the thermoplastic material is a thermoplastic polyurethane having a flexural modulus of up to about 1000 psi.
 7. The golf ball of claim 1, wherein the intermediate layer is a first intermediate layer; and further comprising a second intermediate layer disposed between the first intermediate layer and the cover layer.
 8. The golf ball of claim 7, wherein the second intermediate layer has a hardness measured on the Shore-D scale of greater than 63 and greater than a hardness of the cover layer.
 9. The golf ball of claim 1, wherein the core has a 10-130 kg compression deformation of between 3.5 mm and 5.5 mm.; wherein the core and the intermediate layer define an intermediate ball; and wherein the intermediate ball has a 10-130 kg compression deformation of between 2.7 and 5.5 mm, and less than the 10-130 kg compression deformation of the core.
 10. The golf ball of claim 1, wherein the intermediate layer is bonded to the core through an adhesive layer.
 11. The golf ball of claim 10, wherein the adhesive layer includes an ethylene vinyl acetate copolymer-based adhesive.
 12. The golf ball of claim 2, wherein the ionomeric material has a flexural modulus of less than 10,000 psi.
 13. The golf ball of claim 1, wherein the intermediate layer is formed from a rubber material that includes: a main rubber containing a polybutadiene; an unsaturated carboxylic acid and/or a metal salt thereof; and an organic peroxide.
 14. The golf ball of claim 1, wherein the plurality of protrusions includes between 50 and 80 protrusions that are symmetrically disposed about the core.
 15. A multi-layer golf ball comprising: a core formed from an ionomeric material and has a hardness measured on the JIS-C scale of between 34 and 70, the core having an outer surface that includes: between 50 and 80 of protrusions extending radially outward from a spherical land portion; wherein each protrusion has a maximum height relative to the spherical core of between 0.15 mm and 2.0 mm; and wherein the spherical land portion has a diameter of between 24 mm and 32 mm; an intermediate layer formed from a rubber, and having a hardness measured on the Shore D scale of between 56 and 64, the intermediate layer surrounding the core and having a radially inward surface that is bonded to the outer surface of the core across the entire outer surface, the intermediate layer having a minimum radial thickness of between 4 mm and 9 mm; a cover layer surrounding the intermediate layer and defining an outermost portion of ball.
 16. The golf ball of claim 15, wherein each protrusion has a width measured at the spherical land portion; and wherein each protrusion has a width/maximum height ratio of between 2 and
 8. 17. The golf ball of claim 15, wherein the cover layer includes one or more of an ionomer resin, a polyethylene, and a polyester resin.
 18. The golf ball of claim 15, wherein the cover layer is formed from a thermoplastic material having a hardness measured on the Shore-D scale of up to about
 72. 19. The golf ball of claim 18, wherein the thermoplastic material is a thermoplastic polyurethane having a flexural modulus of up to about 1000 psi.
 20. The golf ball of claim 15, wherein the intermediate layer is a first intermediate layer; and further comprising a second intermediate layer disposed between the first intermediate layer and the cover layer.
 21. The golf ball of claim 20, wherein the second intermediate layer has a hardness measured on the Shore-D scale of greater than 63 and greater than a hardness of the cover layer.
 22. The golf ball of claim 15, wherein the core has a 10-130 kg compression deformation of between 3.5 mm and 5.5 mm; wherein the core and the intermediate layer define an intermediate ball; and wherein the intermediate ball has a 10-130 kg compression deformation of between 2.7 and 5.5 mm, and less than the 10-130 kg compression deformation of the core.
 23. The golf ball of claim 15, wherein the intermediate layer is bonded to the core through an adhesive layer.
 24. The golf ball of claim 23, wherein the adhesive layer includes an ethylene vinyl acetate copolymer-based adhesive.
 25. The golf ball of claim 15, wherein the ionomeric material has a flexural modulus of less than 10,000 psi.
 26. The golf ball of claim 15, wherein rubber material includes: a main rubber containing a polybutadiene; an unsaturated carboxylic acid and/or a metal salt thereof; and an organic peroxide. 